MPOX, o que sabemos sobre propagação e controle: uma revisão integrativa / MPOX, what we know about propagation and control: an integrative review / Viruela del mono, qué sabemos sobre la propagación y el control: una revisión integradora

Esta é uma revisão integrativa que busca compreender os fatores associados à propagação e controle de mpox, seguindo as recomendações estabelecidas pela declaração Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. A consulta foi feita nas bases de dados PubMed, Lilacs e Cochrane Library. Foram selecionados quinze artigos, com amostra majoritária de homens que fazem sexo sem proteção com homens e homens que viajaram para locais com surto da doença ou tiveram contato com pessoas infectadas. Os principais fatores associados à infecção e à propagação da doença foram históricos de viagem, sexo desprotegido, ingestão de carne possivelmente contaminada, aglomerados e contato próximo com pessoa sintomática. Quanto aos fatores relacionados à prevenção, estão principalmente associados à triagem de casos suspeitos, hábitos de higiene pessoal, uso de equipamentos de proteção individual e isolamento do doente.

This integrative review examines the factors associated with mpox spread and control, following the recommendations established by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Bibliographic search was conducted on the PubMed, Lilacs and Cochrane Library databases. The final sample included 15 articles, mostly composed of men who have unprotected sex with men and men who traveled to places with a mpox outbreak or had contact with infected people. Travel history, unprotected sex, eating potentially contaminated meat, crowding and close contact with a symptomatic person were the main factors associated with mpox infection and spread. Prevention is mainly associated with the screening of suspected cases, personal hygiene habits, use of personal protective equipment and patient isolation.

Este estudio realiza una revisión integradora para comprender los factores asociados con la propagación y el control de la viruela del mono, siguiendo las recomendaciones establecidas por Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Se consultaron las bases de datos PubMed, Lilacs y Cochrane Library. Se seleccionaron quince artículos, con una muestra mayoritaria de hombres que tienen sexo con hombres sin protección y hombres que viajaron a lugares con brote de la enfermedad o que tuvieron contacto con personas infectadas. Los principales factores asociados con la infección y la propagación de la enfermedad fueron el historial de viajes, las relaciones sexuales sin protección, el consumo de carne potencialmente contaminada, el hacinamiento y el contacto cercano con una persona sintomática. Los factores relacionados con la prevención están asociados principalmente con el tamizaje de casos sospechosos, los hábitos de higiene personal, el uso de equipos de protección personal y el aislamiento del paciente.

Ocular manifestation of vertical transmission of dengue: case report / Manifestação ocular de transmissão vertical de dengue: relato de caso

ABSTRACT A 7-week-old male delivered by cesarean section presented with a positive serology for dengue along with preretinal and retinal hemorrhages, vitreous opacities and cotton wool spots. The patient and his mother had positive serologies for Non Structural Protein 1 (NS1) by ELISA. Retinal and vitreous findings improved over a sixteen-week period. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed preserved macular architecture. In this case report, we suggest that retinal and vitreous changes may be the ocular presenting features of vertically transmitted dengue in newborns, and that those findings may resolve with no major structural sequelae.

RESUMO Neonato de 7 semanas, do sexo masculino, nascido de parto cesárea, apresentou sorologia positiva para dengue com hemorragias retinianas e pré-retinianas, opacidades vítreas e manchas algodonosas. O paciente e sua mãe haviam apresentado sorologias positivas para Non Structural Protein 1 através de ELISA. Achados na retina e no vítreo melhoraram em um período de dezesseis semanas. O exame de tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio espectral demonstrou arquitetura macular preservada. Neste relato de caso, sugerimos que alterações na retina e no vítreo podem ser os achados oculares aparentes em neonatos com infecção vertical por dengue, e que estes podem se resolver sem maiores sequelas estruturais.

Mpox: Aspectos epidemiológicos, imunopatogênicos e manejo pré e pós-infecção / Mpox: Epidemiological, immunopathogenic aspects and pre- and post-infection management

Mpoxou Varíola M é uma zoonose causada por vírus do gênero Orthopoxvirus, causadores também da varíola comum. É uma doença considerada rara e autolimitada, sendo endêmica em países africanos. Entretanto, no ano de 2022 ganhou destaque devido ao surto global que se iniciou, quando o mundo ainda se recuperava da pandemia da COVID-19. Dessa forma, por se tratar de uma doença emergente, a presente revisão visa pontuar aspectos gerais do que se sabe até o momento sobre a Mpox, desde sua imunopatogenia até as formas atuais de prevenção e cuidados pós-infecção

Mpox or Variola M is a zoonosis caused by viruses of the genus Orthopoxvirus, which also cause smallpox. It is a disease considered rare and self-limiting, being endemic in African countries. However, in 2022, it gained prominence due to the global outbreak that began when the world was still recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, as it is an emerging disease, this review aims to point out general aspects of what is known so far about Mpox, from its immunopathogenesis to current forms of prevention and post-infection care

Caracterização e geoespacialização da sífilis gestacional e congênita no Paraná, Brasil, 2012-2020 / Characterization and geospacialization of gestational and congenital syphilis in Paraná, Brazil, 2012-2020 / Caracterización y geoespacialización de sífilis gestacional y congénita en Paraná, Brasil, 2012-2020

A sífilis persiste como um problema de saúde pública, sobretudo pelos entraves existentes no enfrentamento da sífilis gestacional e congênita. Considerando que a ocorrência dessas infecções se relaciona a fatores maternos e programáticos, este estudo buscou analisar as características epidemiológicas do binômio mãe-filho exposto à sífilis e sua distribuição espacial no Paraná entre 2012 e 2020. Trata-se de estudo descritivo e ecológico, com dados dos sistemas nacionais de informação do Brasil. Foram considerados os casos de gestantes e de crianças registrados entre 2012 e 2020 no estado do Paraná. Foram apresentadas as frequências absolutas e relativas para a caracterização, calculando-se a variação percentual entre o primeiro e o último triênio. Ainda, foi empregado o índice de Moran para a geoespacialização segundo regiões de saúde. Houve predomínio em mulheres de 20 a 39 anos (71,24%), brancas (67,22%) e com até oito anos de estudo (80,76%), com diagnóstico nas fases primária e latente (76,42%). Os casos concentraram-se em crianças do sexo masculino (48,72%), diagnosticadas na fase recente (96,42%), e naquelas cujas mães aderiram ao pré-natal (88,88%), mas os parceiros, por sua vez, não foram tratados (69,46%). Houve aumento do diagnóstico materno durante o pré-natal (16,61%) e redução dos óbitos infantis por sífilis (31,25%). Observou-se concentração das notificações nas regiões Metropolitana e de Pato Branco. Em suma, as gestantes apresentaram idade reprodutiva e baixa escolaridade e foram tratadas durante o pré-natal, contudo, sem a inclusão dos parceiros. Ademais, evidenciou-se comportamento espacial aleatório nas regiões de saúde, com disparidade entre a sífilis gestacional e a congênita.

Syphilis remains as serious public health issue due to existing obstacles in combating gestational and congenital syphilis. Since the onset of these infections is related to maternal and programmatic factors, this study analyzed the epidemiological profile of the mother-child binomial exposed to syphilis and its spatial distribution in Paraná from 2012 to 2020. This is a descriptive, ecological study with data from Brazilian national information systems. Cases of pregnant women and children recorded between 2012 and 2020 in the state of Paraná were considered. Absolute and relative frequencies were estimated for characterization, calculating the percentage variation between the first and last three years. The Moran index was also used for geospacialization according to health regions. Most women were aged 20 to 39 years (71.24%), white (67.22%), and had up to 8 years of schooling (80.76%), with diagnosis in the primary and latent stages (76.42%). Most cases concerned male children (48.72%), diagnosed in the recent phase (96.42%), and from mothers who adhered to prenatal care (88.88%), but the partners were untreated (69.46%). Maternal diagnosis increased during prenatal care (16.61%) and infant deaths by syphilis decreased (31.25%). Most cases were notified in the Metropolitan and Pato Branco regions. In short, the pregnant women were of reproductive age, had low education, and were treated during prenatal care, but their partners were not included. The health regions showed random spatial behavior, with disparity between gestational and congenital syphilis.

La sífilis persiste como un problema de salud pública, principalmente por los obstáculos en hacer frente la sífilis gestacional y congénita. Teniendo en cuenta que la ocurrencia de estas infecciones está relacionada con los factores maternos y programáticos, este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las características epidemiológicas del binomio madre-hijo expuestos a la sífilis y la distribución espacial en Paraná (Brasil) entre 2012 y 2020. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo y ecológico, con datos de los sistemas de información nacionales de Brasil. Se consideraron los casos de mujeres embarazadas y niños registrados entre 2012 y 2020 en Paraná. Se presentaron las frecuencias absolutas y relativas, calculando la variación porcentual entre el primer y el último trienio. Asimismo, se utilizó el índice de Moran, según regiones de salud. Predominaron las mujeres de entre 20 y 39 años de edad (71,24%), blancas (67,22%), con hasta ocho años de estudio (80,76%), con diagnóstico en estadio primario y latente (76,42%). Los casos se concentraron en hijos varones (48,72%), diagnosticados en fase reciente (96,42%), y en aquellos cuyas madres tuvieron acceso a los cuidados prenatales (88,88%), pero su pareja no recibió el tratamiento (69,46%). Hubo un aumento en el diagnóstico materno durante la atención prenatal (16,61%) y una reducción en las muertes de niños por sífilis (31,25%). Se observó una concentración de casos en las regiones Metropolitana y de Pato Branco. En resumen, las mujeres embarazadas se encontraban en edad reproductiva, tenían bajo nivel de estudios y eran atendidas durante el prenatal, sin incluir su pareja. Además, se evidenció un comportamiento espacial aleatorio en las regiones de salud, con disparidad entre sífilis gestacional y congénita.

Capacitación en bioseguridad en las escuelas de Medicina en Venezuela: Análisis situacional y revisión de la literatura

El conocimiento y aplicación de las medidas de bioseguridad, en sus diferentes niveles, son de capital importancia en el ejercicio de las distintas profesiones relacionadas con atención en salud, y en la formación médica del trabajador sanitario resultan imprescindibles, para evitar la aparición de enfermedades infecciosas adquiribles durante el ejercicio profesional. Se revisaron las publicaciones y reglamentaciones acerca del tema, de manera general, y en el contexto de la realidad venezolana, se realizó la inspección del contenido en educación médica de los programas de las Facultades de Ciencias de la Salud de las Universidades venezolanas en relación con la oferta de conocimientos sobre los diferentes niveles de bioseguridad, medidas preventivas, uso de equipo de protección; habilidades y destrezas relacionadas con el tema, con base en la oferta y presencia de la asignatura Bioseguridad en los diseños curriculares de las diferentes Universidades.

The knowledge and application of biosafety measures, at their different levels, are of capital importance in the exercise of the different professions related to health care, and in the medical training of the health worker they are essential, to avoid the appearance of infectious diseases that can be acquirable during professional practice. The publications and regulations on the subject were reviewed, in a general way, and in the context of the Venezuelan reality, we performed an inspection of the content in medical education of the programs of the Faculties of Health Sciences of the Venezuelan Universities in relation to the offer of knowledge about the different levels of biosafety, preventive measures, use of protective equipment; abilities and skills related to the subject, based on the offer and presence of the Biosafety topic in the curricular designs of the different Universities

Enfermedad de Hansen / Hansen's Disease

La lepra o enfermedad de Hansen es una infección crónica causada por Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) o Mycobacterium lepromatosis (M. lepromatosis), es una enfermedad infecciosa curable que es endémica en más de 140 países de todo el mundo. La Organización Mundial de la Salud lo declaró eliminado como un problema mundial de salud pública en el año 2000, sin embargo, en 2017 se informaron aproximadamente 200 000 casos nuevos en todo el mundo. A pesar de la terapia farmacológica combinada disponible, continúa como un importante problema de salud pública, que conlleva un fuerte estigma. En Cuba, según el Anuario Estadístico de Salud de 2020, se reportaron durante ese año 116 casos, las provincias más afectadas fueron Santiago de Cuba con 25 nuevos casos y Guantánamo con 17 nuevos casos. La presentación de caso se trata de una joven de 20 años, en edad reproductiva, con manifestaciones generales de astenia, pérdida del cabello, adenopatías, poliartritis, lesiones cutáneas y fiebre, que hizo sospechar en una enfermedad del colágeno. En estos momentos con buena evolución y en seguimiento por atención primaria de salud de su provincia(AU)

Leprosy or Hansen's disease is a chronic infection caused by mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) or mycobacterium lepromatosis (M. lepromatosis). It is a curable infectious disease, endemic in more than 140 countries around the world. Despite being declared eradicated as a global public health problem by the World Health Organization in 2000, approximately 200,000 new cases were reported worldwide in 2017. Despite available combination drug therapy, it remains a major public health problem, carrying strong stigma. In Cuba, according to 2020 health statistical yearbook, 116 cases were reported during that year. The most affected provinces were Santiago de Cuba (25 new cases) and Guantánamo (17 new cases). The case to be reported concerns a 20-year-old young woman of reproductive age, with general manifestations of asthenia, hair loss, adenopathies, polyarthritis, skin lesions, and fever; she suspected was a collagen disease. Currently, she is well and she is followed up by primary health care in her province(AU)

Lumbar puncture for neurosyphilis investigation in asymptomatic patients with HIV-syphilis coinfection: a cross-sectional study among infectious disease specialists

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Syphilis is a major public health issue worldwide. In people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV), there are higher incidences of both syphilis and neurosyphilis. The criteria for referring PLHIV with syphilis for lumbar puncture is controversial, and the diagnosis of neurosyphilis is challenging. OBJECTIVE: To describe the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of infectious disease specialists and residents in the context of care for asymptomatic HIV-syphilis coinfection using close-ended questions and case vignettes. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in three public health institutions in São Paulo (SP), Brazil. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we invited infectious disease specialists and residents at three academic healthcare institutions to answer a self-completion questionnaire available online or in paper form. RESULTS: Of 98 participants, only 23.5% provided answers that were in line with the current Brazilian recommendation. Most participants believed that the criteria for lumbar puncture should be extended for people living with HIV with low CD4+ cell counts (52.0%); in addition, participants also believed that late latent syphilis (29.6%) and Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) titers ≥ 1:32 (22.4%) should be conditions for lumbar puncture in PLHIV with no neurologic symptoms. CONCLUSION: This study highlights heterogeneities in the clinical management of HIV-syphilis coinfection. Most infectious disease specialists still consider syphilis stage, VDRL titers and CD4+ cell counts as important parameters when deciding which patients need lumbar puncture for investigating neurosyphilis.

The crucial role of the partner in the incidence of cases of congenital syphilis in the state of Sergipe: an analysis in 17 years / O papel crucial do parceiro na incidência dos casos de sífilis congênita no estado de Sergipe: uma análise em 17 anos

Introduction: Congenital syphilis is a highly preventable infectious disease. The relevance of the partner in the transmission of the disease is undeniable, and the underestimation of its treatment is a great risk with serious fetal consequences. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the partner's contribution to the inadequate treatment of pregnant women and the incidence of cases of congenital syphilis in Sergipe between 2005 and 2022. Methods: A cross-sectional, retrospective, and descriptive study was carried out through the collection of reported cases of congenital syphilis from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). Results: There was a considerable increase in the number of reported cases of congenital syphilis in Sergipe in the past 17 years, with a predominance of untreated partners (61.5%) over treated ones (14.9%), excluding the 23.6% who had this information ignored. The variations presented from 2018 onwards stand out, resulting from the softening implemented in the notification of partner data, with an average of 23.7% of ignored information. Consequently, the diagnosis of recent congenital syphilis was found in 83.7% of newborns whose parents were not treated, in addition to 50% of cases of late infection and the vast majority of cases of stillbirths/abortion (92.6%) and deaths from the disease (78.8%). Furthermore, the non-inclusion of the partner in prenatal care (83%) contributed mainly to delays in the diagnosis of maternal syphilis, with 90.1% during delivery/curettage, 76.7% after delivery, and 77.2% of them not even identified with the disease. Conclusion: In addition to the increase in cases of congenital syphilis, there was a predominance of untreated partners, coinciding with changes in the notification criteria in 2018, which contributed to most cases of delay in maternal diagnosis, reinfection, and vertical transmission. Thus, the partner's approach is essential to guarantee the treatment and interruption of the transmission of the disease

Introdução: A sífilis congênita é uma doença infectocontagiosa altamente prevenível. A relevância do parceiro na transmissão da doença é inegável, sendo a subestimação do seu tratamento um grande risco, com graves consequências fetais. Objetivo: Analisar a contribuição do parceiro na inadequação do tratamento da gestante e na incidência dos casos de sífilis congênita em Sergipe entre 2005 e 2022. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo transversal, retrospectivo e descritivo, através da coleta de casos notificados de sífilis congênita do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). Resultados: Observou-se um aumento considerável do número de casos notificados de sífilis congênita em Sergipe nos últimos 17 anos, com o predomínio de parceiros não tratados (61,5%) em relação aos tratados (14,9%), descontando-se os 23,6% que tiveram essa informação ignorada. Destacam-se as variações apresentadas a partir de 2018, decorrentes da amenização implementada na notificação dos dados do parceiro, com uma média de 23,7% de informações ignoradas. Consequentemente, o diagnóstico de sífilis congênita recente foi encontrado em 83,7% dos recém-nascidos cujos pais não foram tratados, além de 50% dos casos de infecção tardia e a maioria dos casos de natimortos/aborto (92,6%) e óbitos pelo agravo (78,8%). Outrossim, a não inclusão do parceiro na assistência pré-natal (83%) contribuiu majoritariamente nos atrasos no diagnóstico da sífilis materna, sendo 90,1% no parto/curetagem, 76,7% após o parto, além de 77,2% delas que nem mesmo foram identificadas com a doença. Conclusão: Além do aumento de casos de sífilis congênita, houve predomínio de parceiros não tratados, coincidindo com as mudanças nos critérios de notificação em 2018, o que contribuiu para a maioria dos casos de atraso no diagnóstico materno, reinfecção e transmissão vertical. Assim, a abordagem do parceiro é imprescindível para garantia do tratamento e da interrupção da transmissão da doença

Triaging patients in the outbreak of COVID-2019 / 中国感染控制杂志

In the outbreak of COVID-19,triage procedures based on epidemiology were implemented in a local hospital in Changsha to control the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and avoid healthcare-associated infection.This re-trospective study analyzed the data collected during the triage period and found that COVID-19 patients were en-riched 7 folds into the Section A designated for patients with obvious epidemiological history.On the other side,nearly triple amounts of visits were received at the Section B for patients without obvious epidemiological history.8 COVID-19 cases were spotted out of 247 suspected patients.More than 50％of the suspected patients were submi-tted to multiple rounds of nucleic acid analysis for SARS-CoV-2 infection.Of the 239 patients who were diagnosed as negative of the virus infection,188 were successfully revisited and none was reported as COVID-19 case.Of the 8 COVID-19 patients,3 were confirmed only after multiple rounds of nucleic acid analysis.Besides comorbidities,delayed sharing of epidemiological history added complexity to the diagnosis in practice.The triaging experience and strategy will be helpful for the control of infectious diseases in the future.

Design and application of flipped classroom combined with micro-lectures in the teaching of pediatric infectious diseases / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To investigate the application effect of flipped classroom combined with micro-lectures in the teaching of pediatric infectious diseases.Methods:A total of 199 five-year students in the class of 2019 from Department of Pediatrics of Chongqing Medical University were divided into 14 groups. Each group selected a micro-lecture theme targeting the key and difficult points of the course and produced an original micro-lecture video through flipped classroom, which was then uploaded to Chaoxing platform for evaluation by teachers and students. At the end of the course, a questionnaire survey was performed to investigate the teaching effect, and final examination score and department examination score during internship were compared between the students in the class of 2019 and those in the class of 2018. SPSS 22.0 was used to perform the t-test, the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, the chi-square test, and the Fisher's exact test. Results:A total of 14 flipped micro-lecture works were completed by the students. The questionnaire survey showed that 98.47% (193/196) of the students thought that this model was helpful to master the key and difficult points; 93.88% (184/196) of the students thought that the flipped micro-lecture works had better originality and quality than reading reports and literature reviews in the past; 94.90% (186/196) of the students were more willing to accept the mode of flipped classroom combined with micro-lectures. Compared with the students in the class of 2018, the students in the class of 2019 had significantly higher final examination score (79.32±7.53 vs. 76.06±12.01, P<0.001), theoretical score of department examination (88.68±4.87 vs. 87.15±4.09, P<0.001), and operation score of department examination (84.93±7.56 vs. 82.08±9.10, P<0.001). Conclusion:Flipped classroom combined with micro-lectures can effectively solve the key and difficult points in the teaching of pediatric infectious diseases, and it can also stimulate the interest in independent learning and help to improve learning performance among students. Therefore, it holds promise for clinical application.

Evaluation on implementation of national continuing medical education base programme about infectious disease control and prevention in Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention during 2013-2020 / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To evaluate the implementation of national continuing medical education (CME) base programme about infectious disease control and prevention during 2013-2020, so as to improve the quality management of CME.Methods:According to data from national CME system, Excel and SPSS 27.0 were used to analyze project hosting days, places, teachers, students, project directors and training effect. The counting data were expressed by frequency and percentage [cases (%)], chi-square test was used to make comparison between groups, Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test was used for trend test, and the significance test level of the difference was α = 0.05. Results:A total of 116 projects were conducted from 2013 to 2020, with execution rate of 87.9%(116/132). Most hosting days were 2 to 3 days [57.8% (67/116)]. The majority [65.2% (5 785/8 871)] of trainees had junior and intermediate technical titles. As for trainers, trainers with senior technical titles accounted for 87.6% (758/865), and those with intermediate titles accounted for 12.4% (107/865). Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test showed that there was a linear relationship between the proportion of technical titles and the year ( χ2趋势 = 4.97, P趋势 = 0.026). Project directors almost had senior professional title, and nearly one third of them had the experience of undertaking three or more base projects within 8 years. The top three training modules were parasitic diseases prevention and control, AIDS prevention and control, and viral diseases prevention and control. Trainees were highly satisfied with the training contents. Conclusion:The implementation of the infectious disease prevention and control base programme went well in general from 2013 to 2020. In the future, it’s needed to be demand-oriented, rationally design training programs, enhance the evaluation of training effects, strengthen the construction of public health core capacity, and adopt a strategy of brand development in the process of the infectious disease prevention and control base programme.

Reflection on the teaching of laboratory interns under the corona virus disease 2019 / 中华医学教育探索杂志

In the new or variant acute respiratory infectious diseases, as a result of the not fully discovered ways to control the infection as well as the not fully defined pathogenicity of pathogens, there is still a greater risk of infection for the laboratory front-line staff who are in close contact with pathogen samples. Therefore, the psychological status, biological safety, and work quality of the interns in the laboratory are also main concerns of the teaching hospitals in the epidemic prevention and control work. In view of the problems exposed in the epidemic situation of viral respiratory infectious diseases, this paper analyzes the influence of the whole process of the test on the test results and carries out the process control, aiming at enhancing the interns' ability to resist pressure, improving the students' awareness of biological safety, promoting the interns' comprehensive analysis ability and the formation of clinical critical thinking, and providing reference for the training qualified medical laboratory professionals.

Epidemiological features of some sexually transmitted diseases among the population of Ulaanbaatar city / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Introduction@#According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than a million cases of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are registered in the world every day. Our country is among the countries with a concentrated spread of HIV infection among the population at risk According to the WHO classification. Although Mongolia is one of the countries with a low prevalence of HIV/AIDS, it is considered to a country with a high risk of STD caused from the location in the middle of the two countries where the HIV infection is spreading as fastest, thus it is important to study.@*Purpose@#The aim is to study the epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases in the population of Ulaanbaatar.@*Material and Method@#The study was conducted using a single-moment descriptive research design. The following information was obtained from the statistics of the Health Development Center. Including as following: </br>• Annual indicators of the disease: Statistical data of sexually transmitted diseases between 2017- 2021 (Ulaanbaatar city) </br>• Annual indicators of the disease: 2017-2021 statistical data on the state of sexually transmitted diseases (city average and provincial average)@*Result@#Considering the prevalence rate of sexually transmitted infections per 10,000 population by age group, as of 2017-2021, the population aged 20-39 had the highest rate of infection with 9.4-154.2 cases, and in 2018, the population aged 30-39 had 146.2 cases was the highest. In terms of the source of infection, 83.1 percent of the total cases in 2017-2021 were sexually transmitted.</br> Comparing the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in the population of Ulaanbaatar by location and the number of cases per 10,000 population, as of 2017-2021, Bagakhangai district had more cases in 2017 and 2019, and Sukhbaatar district had 221.4 cases in 2018, which was the highest in the 5-year period, Nalaikh district recorded 64.7 cases in 2020 and 48.4 in 2021, which was the district with the highest number of cases in these years.</br> In terms of education, people with secondary education or below accounted for 94.1 percent of all cases in the 5-year average.</br> About the marriage status, 35.9 percent of all cases registered in 2017 were never married, and 53.5 percent were married. As of 2018-2021, there has been no significant increase or decrease in this indicator.@*Conclusion@#</br>1. During 2017-2021, the cases of sexually transmitted infections (syphilis, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis) per 10,000 population was in 2018, the incidence of infection decreased by 2.7 cases, in 2019 it increased by 7 cases, and in 2020 it decreased by 2.2 cases, in 2021, it decreased by 18.3 cases from the previous year, and it is believed that sexually transmitted diseases are expected to decrease in the future. </br>2. The average rate of syphilis infection (2017-2021) per 10,000 population in Ulaanbaatar was 4.4 cases higher than the average of the provinces, the average of 4.1 cases of gonorrhea infection is likely to increase, and the average of trichomoniasis was 13.4 cases or was equal to average of the provinces and Ulaanbaatar. The problem affecting the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases is related to the level of education of the citizens. 9 out of 10 people have completed secondary education or less.

Application of machine learning in clinical predictive models for infectious diseases: a review / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Infectious diseases are one of the major threats to global public health. Inconvenience of diagnosis and treatment frequently causes misdiagnosis, missing diagnosis or overtreatment, resulting in serious clinical outcomes. As an important branch of artificial intelligence, machine learning has been widely used in multiple fields. Predictive models created based on patients’ clinical characteristics, laboratory tests, and imaging examinations are effective for prediction and evaluation of clinical diagnosis, therapeutic efficacy and prognosis, as well as detection of outbreaks. Machine learning modeling has the advantages of high efficiency, high accuracy and interpretability as compared to traditional modeling approaches, which provides a new tool for diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. This review summarizes the advances of applications of machine learning in clinical predictive models for infectious diseases.

Surveillance of varicella-induced absenteeism in primary and secondary school students in Minhang District， Shanghai， 2021 / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo analyze the varicella cases from the illness-induced absenteeism system and the National Notifiable Disease and Reporting System （NNDRS） in primary and secondary school students in Minhang District， determine the characteristics of varicella-induced absenteeism in schools， and provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of varicella in schools. MethodsSurveillance data of varicella-induced absenteeism and varicella cases in the NNDRS in 2021 were collected. Characteristics of varicella-induced absenteeism and consistency of data between the illness-induced absenteeism system and the NNDRS were determined， using descriptive analysis and matching varicella cases in the two systems. ResultsThe incidence of varicella in Minhang District was 48.28/105 in 2021. The overall rate of illness-induced absenteeism was 612.08/105 in primary and secondary schools， and the rate of varicella-induced absenteeism was 6.03/105. The distribution of varicella-induced absenteeism was consistent with the incidence of varicella cases. Furthermore， the rate of varicella-induced absenteeism was significantly higher in boys than in girls. The rate increased synchronously during the peak of varicella incidence. The rate differed significantly across the students in diverse schools （χ2=135.217，P<0.001）， which was the highest in middle school students. However， there was no significant difference in the number of absent days between peak incidence and non-peak incidence periods of varicella （t=0.173， P=0.863）. Moreover， actual matching proportion of varicella cases between illness-induced absenteeism system and the NNDRS was 88.90%. The varicella cases that had been notified and those had not been notified in the NNDRS did not differ significantly in the number of absent days （t=0.346， P=0.730）. ConclusionThe incidence of varicella and varicella-induced absenteeism in schools is relatively low in Minhang District. Data between the illness-induced absenteeism system and the NNDRS is consistent. Routine prevention and control of varicella in schools is maintained a good level throughout the year.

Sociality and infectious disease prevention and control of sexual and gender minorities in China / 上海预防医学

Sexual and gender minorities have social behavioral characteristics such as aggregation， mobility， exclusivity， and concealment， which may be associated with the transmission of infectious diseases in this group. This paper aims to explore the relationship between the sociality of this group and its transmission and prevention and control of infectious diseases， emphasize the importance of paying attention to the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases and respiratory diseases in sexual and gender minorities. This paper puts forward some thoughts for infectious disease prevention and control of this group in the future.

Global Epidemic of Ebola Virus Disease and the Importation Risk into China: An Assessment Based on the Risk Matrix Method / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the global epidemic status of the Ebola virus disease (EVD) and assess the importation risk into China.@*METHODS@#Data from World Health Organization reports were used. We described the global epidemic status of EVD from 1976-2021, and assessed and ranked the importation risk of EVD from the disease-outbreaking countries into China using the risk matrix and Borda count methods, respectively.@*RESULTS@#From 1976-2021, EVD mainly occurred in western and central Africa, with the highest cumulative number of cases (14,124 cases) in Sierra Leone, and the highest cumulative fatality rate (85%) in the Congo. Outbreaks of EVD have occurred in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Guinea since 2018. The importation risk into China varies across countries with outbreaks of disease. The Democratic Republic of the Congo had an extremely high risk (23 Borda points), followed by Guinea and Liberia. Countries with a moderate importation risk were Nigeria, Uganda, Congo, Sierra Leone, Mali, and Gabon, while countries with a low importation risk included Sudan, Senegal, and Co

Cellular nanovesicles for therapeutic immunomodulation: A perspective on engineering strategies and new advances

Cellular nanovesicles which are referred to as cell-derived, nanosized lipid bilayer structures, have emerged as a promising platform for regulating immune responses. Owing to their outstanding advantages such as high biocompatibility, prominent structural stability, and high loading capacity, cellular nanovesicles are suitable for delivering various immunomodulatory molecules, such as small molecules, nucleic acids, peptides, and proteins. Immunomodulation induced by cellular nanovesicles has been exploited to modulate immune cell behaviors, which is considered as a novel cell-free immunotherapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of diverse diseases. Here we review emerging concepts and new advances in leveraging cellular nanovesicles to activate or suppress immune responses, with the aim to explicate their applications for immunomodulation. We overview the general considerations and principles for the design of engineered cellular nanovesicles with tailored immunomodulatory activities. We also discuss new advances in engineering cellular nanovesicles as immunotherapies for treating major diseases.

Prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the largest populated city Karachi, Pakistan / Prevalência de leishmaniose cutânea na maior cidade populosa de Karachi, Paquistão

The study was undertaken from September 2018 to April 2019 to determine the prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in human beings living in six districts of Karachi. Suspected persons were screened for the disease and positive cases were identified on the basis of skin lesions and blood samples. Samples were observed by mounting their smear. A total of 207 subjects of different ages and sex groups were investigated, however, only 192 (92%) of the suspected cases were found to have the disease 64% of cases were male which were significantly high (p<0.05), than female 36%. The lesion was more frequently detected among the youth ages of 21-30 years (31%) as compared to other groups. In both sexes, legs were found to be more infected (25% male + 20% female) followed by arms (20% male + 0% female) and face (15% male +11% female). The mixed body parts had shown the lowest infections such as (4% in males + 5%) in females. In conclusion, the highest and lowest leishmaniasis infections were observed in District West (23% male + 9% female) followed by District East (15% male + 7% female), District Malir (11% male+ 4% female), District Central (7% male + 5% female), District Korangi (4% male + 7% female) and District South (4% male + 4% female) respectively.

O estudo foi realizado de setembro de 2018 a abril de 2019 para determinar a prevalência de leishmaniose tegumentar em seres humanos que vivem em seis distritos de Karachi. Pessoas suspeitas foram rastreadas para a doença e os casos positivos foram identificados com base em lesões de pele e amostras de sangue. As amostras foram observadas montando seu esfregaço. Um total de 207 indivíduos de diferentes idades e grupos sexuais foi investigado, no entanto apenas 192 (92%) dos casos suspeitos foram encontrados para ter a doença; 64% dos casos eram do sexo masculino, que foram significativamente elevados (p < 0,05), e do sexo feminino 36%. A lesão foi detectada com maior frequência entre os jovens de 21 a 30 anos (31%) em comparação com os outros grupos. Em ambos os sexos, as pernas estavam mais infectadas (25% homens + 20% mulheres), seguidas pelos braços (20% homens + 0% mulheres) e rosto (15% homens + 11% mulheres). As partes mistas do corpo mostraram as infecções mais baixas (4% homens + 5% mulheres). Em conclusão, as infecções de leishmaniose mais altas e mais baixas foram observadas no Distrito Oeste (23% homens + 9% mulheres) seguido pelo Distrito Leste (15% homens + 7% mulheres), Distrito Malir (11% homens + 4% mulheres), Distrito Central (7% homens + 5% mulheres), Distrito Korangi (4% homens + 7% mulheres) e Distrito Sul (4% homens + 4% mulheres), respectivamente.

Prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the largest populated city Karachi, Pakistan

Abstract. The study was undertaken from September 2018 to April 2019 to determine the prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in human beings living in six districts of Karachi. Suspected persons were screened for the disease and positive cases were identified on the basis of skin lesions and blood samples. Samples were observed by mounting their smear. A total of 207 subjects of different ages and sex groups were investigated, however, only 192 (92%) of the suspected cases were found to have the disease 64% of cases were male which were significantly high (p 0.05), than female 36%. The lesion was more frequently detected among the youth ages of 21-30 years (31%) as compared to other groups. In both sexes, legs were found to be more infected (25% male + 20% female) followed by arms (20% male + 0% female) and face (15% male +11% female). The mixed body parts had shown the lowest infections such as (4% in males + 5%) in females. In conclusion, the highest and lowest leishmaniasis infections were observed in District West (23% male + 9% female) followed by District East (15% male + 7% female), District Malir (11% male+ 4% female), District Central (7% male + 5% female), District Korangi (4% male + 7% female) and District South (4% male + 4% female) respectively.

Resumo O estudo foi realizado de setembro de 2018 a abril de 2019 para determinar a prevalência de leishmaniose tegumentar em seres humanos que vivem em seis distritos de Karachi. Pessoas suspeitas foram rastreadas para a doença e os casos positivos foram identificados com base em lesões de pele e amostras de sangue. As amostras foram observadas montando seu esfregaço. Um total de 207 indivíduos de diferentes idades e grupos sexuais foi investigado, no entanto apenas 192 (92%) dos casos suspeitos foram encontrados para ter a doença; 64% dos casos eram do sexo masculino, que foram significativamente elevados (p 0,05), e do sexo feminino 36%. A lesão foi detectada com maior frequência entre os jovens de 21 a 30 anos (31%) em comparação com os outros grupos. Em ambos os sexos, as pernas estavam mais infectadas (25% homens + 20% mulheres), seguidas pelos braços (20% homens + 0% mulheres) e rosto (15% homens + 11% mulheres). As partes mistas do corpo mostraram as infecções mais baixas (4% homens + 5% mulheres). Em conclusão, as infecções de leishmaniose mais altas e mais baixas foram observadas no Distrito Oeste (23% homens + 9% mulheres) seguido pelo Distrito Leste (15% homens + 7% mulheres), Distrito Malir (11% homens + 4% mulheres), Distrito Central (7% homens + 5% mulheres), Distrito Korangi (4% homens + 7% mulheres) e Distrito Sul (4% homens + 4% mulheres), respectivamente.